In the photosynthesis reaction, the overall chemical equation can be simplified to:
\[ 6 , CO_2 + 6 , H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 , O_2 \]
This equation shows that 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (each containing 1 carbon atom) are used, resulting in a glucose molecule (which has 6 carbon atoms).
Therefore, the number of carbon atoms that combine in the photosynthesis reaction is 6.