Empirical evidence is fundamentally different from opinion in that it relies on observable and measurable data rather than subjective beliefs or interpretations. Here’s how each of your options relates to empirical evidence:
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Evidence based on personal beliefs: This represents an opinion rather than empirical evidence. Personal beliefs are subjective and may not be grounded in verifiable data.
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Evidence based on experiments and observations: This is the definition of empirical evidence. It is derived from systematic observations and rigorous experimentation, making it objective and verifiable.
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Evidence based on historical documents: While this can be a form of empirical evidence if the documents provide verifiable facts, it can also contain interpretations that may be subjective. Hence, it depends on the context in which the documents are used.
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Based on theoretical models: This does not constitute empirical evidence on its own. Theoretical models are often abstract and may be based on assumptions rather than direct observations. However, empirical evidence can be used to validate or invalidate theoretical models.
In summary, option 2 best describes what empirical evidence is: evidence based on experiments and observations.
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