Air pollution significantly impacts chemical weathering, primarily through the formation of acid rain. Specifically, the most relevant option from your list is:
- Pollutants mix with air and water to make acid rain.
Here's how this works:
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Formation of Acid Rain: Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere primarily from industrial processes and vehicle emissions. When these pollutants react with water vapor in the air, they form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
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Chemical Weathering Process: When acid rain falls to the ground, it can significantly accelerate the weathering of rocks and minerals. The low pH of the rainwater enhances the chemical reactions that break down minerals in rocks, particularly carbonate rocks (like limestone) and silicates.
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Impact on Rock Stability: This increased reactivity not only dissolves minerals but can also lead to structural weakening of the rocks over time, contributing to erosion and landscape changes.
In conclusion, the mixing of pollutants with air and water to create acid rain is a key way that air pollution impacts chemical weathering.