Scientists know that fields exist primarily by detecting noncontact forces near a field's source. Fields, such as gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields, exert forces on objects or particles without any physical contact. For example, if you bring a charged object near another charged object, you can observe the force acting between them, indicating the presence of an electric field.
Other methods of observing fields involve measuring how objects with mass or charge behave in the presence of a field, but the fundamental evidence comes from the detection of the forces they exert. Thus, the most accurate answer to your question is the first option.
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