Historians generally view populism as a complex and multifaceted movement, often interpreting it in various ways depending on the context and focus of their analysis. Among the options you've provided, the perspective that aligns most closely with a common historical interpretation is:
as a failed movement that set the stage for some reforms.
Many historians recognize that while the Populist movement of the late 19th century did not achieve its immediate goals—such as the election of its candidates or the implementation of its key demands—it played a significant role in shaping the political landscape and paving the way for later reforms. The ideas and concerns raised by populists regarding issues like economic inequality, corporate power, and political corruption influenced subsequent movements and laid the groundwork for later progressive reforms in the early 20th century.
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