How did the U.S secure control over the Panama Canal Zone

Answer 1

The U.S. secured control over the Panama Canal Zone through a combination of diplomatic negotiations, military presence, and strategic intervention in Colombian politics. Here’s a brief overview of the key events that led to American control over the zone:

1. Interest in a Canal: In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the U.S. recognized the strategic importance of building a canal across Central America to facilitate maritime trade and military movement between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

2. French Attempt: In the 1880s, the French, under Ferdinand de Lesseps (who had previously constructed the Suez Canal), attempted to build the canal but failed due to engineering challenges and disease. This failure opened the way for U.S. interest.

3. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): The U.S. negotiated this treaty with Great Britain, which allowed the U.S. to build and control a canal, with stipulations that it would remain open for ships of all nations.

4. Negotiations with Colombia: The U.S. sought to acquire rights to build the canal from Colombia, which controlled Panama at the time. In 1903, the U.S. and Colombia engaged in negotiations, but Colombia rejected the proposed treaty, known as the Herrán–Hay Treaty.

5. Support for Panamanian Independence: Following the breakdown of negotiations with Colombia, the U.S. facilitated a revolution in Panama. In November 1903, Panama declared independence from Colombia. U.S. naval ships were present in the area during the revolution to provide support against Colombian forces.

6. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903): Shortly after Panama's declaration of independence, the U.S. signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with the new Panamanian government. This treaty granted the U.S. control over the Panama Canal Zone in exchange for a one-time payment of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000.

7. Construction of the Canal: With control established, the U.S. proceeded to construct the canal, which was completed in 1914. The canal was a significant engineering feat and greatly enhanced U.S. maritime capabilities.

8. Sovereignty and Control: The U.S. maintained control over the Canal Zone for much of the 20th century, exercising significant autonomy in the territory.

In summary, the U.S. secured control over the Panama Canal Zone through a mix of diplomatic maneuvering, support for Panama's independence, and direct negotiation that formalized U.S. control, which lasted until the late 20th century when the canal was transferred back to Panama in 1999.