1. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) granted rulers in the Holy Roman Empire the authority to choose the religion (Catholicism or Lutheranism) of their respective territories. This allowed secular rulers to consolidate their power by aligning themselves with a specific religious denomination, thereby centralizing control over religion within their domain.
2. The Edict of Nantes (1598) granted religious freedom to French Protestants (Huguenots) and recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France. This enabled secular rulers, particularly King Henry IV, to maintain stability and control over their realm by allowing for religious tolerance and preventing conflicts based on religious differences.
3. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized the principle of cuius regio, eius religio ("whose realm, his religion"), allowing rulers the right to determine the religion of their territories. This strengthened secular rulers by granting them increased autonomy in religious matters and solidifying their authority over both religious and political affairs within their realms.
How did the Peace of Augsburg, the Edict of Nantes, and the Peace of Westphalia all strengthened secular rulers?
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