The commercialization of agriculture in India had several significant effects on the economy and society. Among the options provided, the most relevant impacts would be:
B. It widened income inequality - Commercialization often benefited wealthier farmers and landlords who had access to resources, technology, and markets, while poorer farmers struggled to compete, leading to greater income disparity.
Additionally, while not explicitly stated in the options, commercialization could also lead to increased vulnerability among small-scale farmers, which can indirectly relate to:
D. It increases famines - As farmers shifted towards cash crops instead of subsistence crops, food security could be jeopardized, potentially leading to increased incidents of famine.
Therefore, answers B and D reflect important consequences of the commercialization of agriculture in India.
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