The Commercial Revolution, which took place in Europe from the late Middle Ages into the early modern period, was characterized by an expansion of trade and commerce, the rise of a capitalist economy, and significant changes in financial practices. This period facilitated human cruelty in various ways, particularly through the exploitation of marginalized groups—Indigenous peoples of the Americas and enslaved Africans—among others. Let's break down how the various aspects mentioned contributed to this exploitation and cruelty.
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Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples and Enslaved Africans: European colonizers took advantage of the economic opportunities presented by the Commercial Revolution to expand their empires and exploit both Indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans. Colonizers established plantations and engaged in resource extraction, often using violent means to displace Indigenous populations. The demand for labor in the New World led to the brutal transatlantic slave trade, resulting in the forced transportation and enslavement of millions of Africans, driven by the insatiable demand for commodities like sugar and tobacco.
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Exploitation of Asian and Arab Technology: European powers sought to tap into the wealth generated by trade routes that connected Europe with Asia and the Middle East. They exploited existing knowledge in navigation, shipping, and trade that had been developed by Asian and Arab cultures. While this facilitated economic gain, it also allowed for the subjugation and exploitation of these regions as European colonizers sought to control trade and resources, often using military force and coercive practices.
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Exploitation of Banks and Insurance Companies: The rise of modern banking and insurance during the Commercial Revolution enabled European traders and colonizers to manage risks associated with long-distance trade. These financial institutions facilitated the funding of voyages, the establishment of colonies, and the slave trade. The financial backing allowed for the expansion of cruel practices like slavery and the dispossession of Indigenous lands, as profits were prioritized over human rights.
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Exploitation of Technology and Capitalism: As new technologies emerged, such as the caravel ship design and advancements in navigation, European powers were able to explore new territories more efficiently. This technological advancement went hand-in-hand with capitalist ideals that prioritized profit over ethical considerations. The capitalist drive for wealth often justified inhumane treatment of people, as the labor of enslaved individuals and the exploitation of native populations became essential for economic gain.
In conclusion, the aspects of the Commercial Revolution facilitated human cruelty by creating systems and practices that prioritized profit over humanity, allowing for the systematic exploitation of Indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans, and fostering a global environment of inequality and violence in pursuit of wealth.