How did governments change as a result of Enlightenment ideas? (6 points)

Answer 1

1. Separation of Powers: Enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers in government. This led to the development of systems such as checks and balances, where power was divided between different branches of government – legislative, executive, and judicial. This idea was embraced by many governments, including the United States, as a means to prevent the abuse of power.

2. Constitutionalism: The Enlightenment also emphasized the importance of written constitutions that established the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. Governments began adopting constitutions to guarantee individual liberties, limit the power of the state, and establish a framework for governance. This led to the rise of constitutional monarchies and republics.

3. Empowerment of the People: Enlightened thinkers emphasized the concept of popular sovereignty, arguing that the people are the ultimate source of political power. This notion challenged the existing divine right of kings and led to the development of representative governments. Governments increasingly sought legitimacy from the consent of the governed and introduced electoral systems to include broader participation.

4. Government as Protector of Natural Rights: Enlightenment philosophers, particularly John Locke, argued that governments have a responsibility to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. This notion influenced many governments to adopt a social contract, in which citizens surrendered certain rights in exchange for the government's protection and provision of basic needs.

5. Religious Tolerance: The Enlightenment challenged the dogmatic influence of religion on politics and advocated for religious tolerance. Governments began to adopt policies that granted religious freedom to citizens and separated the church from the state. This led to the decline of religious persecution and the establishment of secular governments.

6. Rational Approach to Governance: Enlightenment ideas prioritized reason, science, and progress. Governments began to adopt a more rational approach to governance by embracing scientific advancements, education, and the promotion of intellectual inquiry. This resulted in the establishment of public schools, scientific societies, and a greater emphasis on evidence-based policies.