The Earth's layers can be defined by:
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By their physical properties - This refers to the state of the material (solid, liquid, etc.) and how it behaves under pressure and temperature changes.
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By their chemical compositions - This involves the different materials that make up each layer, such as the types of rocks and minerals found in the crust, mantle, and core.
The other options, such as temperature and thickness, are related but not primary methods of defining the layers. The amount of land area is not relevant to the definition of Earth's layers.