How can artificial intelligence make marking easier and better in higher education, provide answers in toulmin argument method with the following four steps, make a claim, provide the grounds, explain the warrant and give 3 possible rebuttals. Provide relevant references at the end.

Answer 1

Claim: Artificial intelligence can make marking easier and better in higher education.

Grounds:
1. Time efficiency: AI-powered systems can automate the process of grading and provide immediate feedback to students, saving significant time for instructors.
2. Consistency: AI algorithms can consistently apply predefined criteria to evaluate assignments, reducing the possibility of bias and ensuring fair treatment for all students.
3. Data analysis: By analyzing large amounts of student data, AI systems can identify patterns and provide valuable insights to educators, helping them understand students' learning needs and tailor their instruction accordingly.

Warrant: Artificial intelligence, with its capacity to automate routine tasks, analyze vast amounts of data, and ensure consistency, has the potential to revolutionize the grading process in higher education.

Rebuttal 1: Lack of human touch. Critics argue that AI cannot replicate the nuanced feedback and individualized attention that only human instructors can provide. However, AI can be designed to incorporate personalized feedback templates or offer suggestions for improvement based on predefined criteria, which can enhance the learning experience for students.
Rebuttal 2: Potential for error. Skeptics may point out that AI grading systems may make mistakes, particularly when faced with complex assignments that require subjective judgment. It is crucial to acknowledge that AI should be utilized as a tool to assist human instructors rather than replace them entirely, ensuring that final grading decisions still involve human intervention and oversight.
Rebuttal 3: Initial setup and maintenance. Critics contend that implementing AI grading systems would require significant investment, technical expertise, and ongoing maintenance. While these concerns are valid, the long-term benefits of time saved, increased consistency, and data-driven insights can outweigh the initial costs and efforts, making AI grading systems a worthwhile investment for educational institutions.

References:
1. Dikli, S. (2006). An overview of automated scoring of essays. The Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 5(1), 1-30.
2. Eliot, P. (2013). Artificial intelligence and its impact on higher education. Learning Solutions Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/1225/artificial-intelligence-and-its-impact-on-higher-education
3. Rouet, J. F., & Britt, M. A. (2011). Relevance-based automated essay scoring. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(5), 318-322.