The questions for the U.S. Census are primarily determined by the U.S. Census Bureau, which conducts extensive research and testing to develop the questions. The questions are designed to gather essential demographic information that meets the needs of the federal government, states, and local jurisdictions.
The process involves:
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Research and Testing: The Census Bureau conducts research and cognitive testing to ensure that the questions are clear, relevant, and unbiased.
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Compliance with Laws: Certain questions may be mandated by federal law, such as those related to race and ethnicity.
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Public Input: The Census Bureau often seeks public input and feedback on proposed questions.
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Approval Process: While the Census Bureau has the authority to draft the questions, they must also submit them for approval to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to ensure they align with federal guidelines.
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No Congressional Vote: The questions do not require a vote or approval from Congress or individual states.
In summary, none of the options you provided accurately represent the process. The development and approval of the census questions involve extensive research and are overseen by the Census Bureau, with certain formal approval requirements, rather than a direct vote by Congress or state approvals.