how are new viruses made?

Answer 1

New viruses are typically made through a process known as viral evolution or genetic recombination.

1. Mutation: Viruses can mutate naturally over time. Mutations occur when there are errors in the replication of the viral genetic material (usually RNA or DNA). These random mutations can lead to the emergence of new viral strains with different characteristics or properties.

2. Recombination: Viruses can also undergo genetic recombination when two or more different viral strains infect the same host cell. During this process, genetic material from different viruses can mix and exchange, resulting in the creation of a new virus with a combination of traits from its parent strains.

3. Zoonotic transmission: Many viruses originate in animals (zoonotic viruses) and can jump to humans through direct contact, consumption of infected animal products, or contact with animal secretions. Once the virus infects a human, it can adapt and evolve within the human host population, potentially leading to the emergence of a new strain or variant.

4. Laboratory manipulation: In some cases, viruses may be intentionally manipulated in the laboratory for research purposes. This can involve genetically engineering existing viruses to alter their characteristics, such as their ability to infect specific hosts or evade the immune system. While this is done for scientific advancement and understanding, there is always a risk of accidental release or misuse of these manipulated viruses.

It's important to note that the vast majority of viruses are not harmful to humans, and new viruses do not necessarily imply increased danger. However, understanding how new viruses are created is essential for studying and combating emerging infectious diseases.