New genes can be created in several ways, including:
1. Gene duplication: This occurs when a copy of a gene is made, often by mistake during cell division. The new copy can then accumulate mutations and eventually evolve new functions.
2. Horizontal gene transfer: This occurs when genes are transferred between different organisms (often through viruses or bacteria). These new genes can then be integrated into the genome of the recipient organism and evolve new functions.
3. De novo gene formation: This occurs when entirely new genes are created from non-coding DNA sequences. This process is rare but has been observed in several species.
4. Fusion of pre-existing genes: This occurs when two or more pre-existing genes merge to form a new gene with a novel function. This process is also rare but has been observed in several species.
How are new genes created?
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