Hello. Thank you for your help.

Question

I'd like to think of a stative passive and an active passive.

1. He has closed the shop.
2. He closed the shop and it is closed.
(The meaning of #1 is #2. There was an action and then there was a state: an action + a state here.)

3. The shop has been closed by him. (This is a passive voice of #1)
4. The shop was closed by him and it is closed now.
(This is the meaning of #3. There was an action and then there is a state. So #3 is composed of 'action' and 'state')

5. The shop is closed by him.
(This is a stative passive. #5 is a passive voice of #1 as well. However, there is no action in #5. Only a state exists here..... Is my explanation correct? Do we need to put 'by him' at the end in #5? Do we omit 'by him' frequently?)

Answer 1

Yes, #2 means the same as #1. We would not actually say or write #2, though.

3. Yes.

4. Yes, but we would not actually say or write #4.

5. This could be either a state or an action, I think. If you want it to be only a state, then omit "by him."