An independent variable is the potential stimulus or cause, usually directly manipulated by the experimenter, so it could also be called a manipulative variable.
A dependent variable is the response or measure of results.
Extraneous variables — other than the independent variable — potentially can affect the dependent variable, so they must be controlled. If possible, you try to keep them constant between the experimental and control group.
Having trouble with the independent and dependent variable in an if then statement.
"If root growth is related to gravity, then roots will always turn toward the earth regardless of a seed's orientation."
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