hat is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree (though technically, there are minor differences between the two).

Question

In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical appearance. Today, with the advances in genetics and biochemistry, biologists can look more closely at individuals to discover their pattern of evolution, and group them accordingly - this strategy is called EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
Except for #6, please relate all of your answers to traits or animals on the cladograms.

What trait separates lampreys from tuna on this cladogram?

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What separates a salamander from a turtle?

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Which organism is most related to the leopard?

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Which organism’s DNA will differ the most from the leopard? Why?

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5.
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Look at the cladogram and determine who is the closest relative to the bird. Then, list 3 traits that are NOT on the cladogram that these 2 animals share.
6.___________________________________
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7.
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8.
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Notes for questions 9-16:
~Use just one letter per characteristic.
~The ant is the only animal on the cladogram with a bent antennae.
~The cricket is the only animal on the cladogram with cerci.
~The butterfly does NOT have bent antennae.

9. _______ Wings

10. _______ 6 legs

11. ________ Bent Antennae

12.________ Double set of wings

13. _________ Cerci (back appendages)

14. __________ Mouth

15. __________ Legs

16. __________ Curly Antennae

Answer 1

Sure! Here are the answers based on the information given in your questions about cladograms and the traits separating different organisms:

1. What trait separates lampreys from tuna on this cladogram?
   Possession of jaws. Lampreys are jawless fish, while tuna have jaws.

2. What separates a salamander from a turtle?
   Possession of an amniotic egg. Salamanders do not have amniotic eggs, while turtles do.

3. Which organism is most related to the leopard?
   Tiger. Tigers and leopards share a more recent common ancestor than with the other organisms presented.

4. Which organism’s DNA will differ the most from the leopard? Why?
   Lamprey. Lampreys are much more distantly related to leopards compared to other mammals due to their position in the evolutionary tree (they are jawless fish, while leopards are mammals).

5. Look at the cladogram and determine who is the closest relative to the bird. Then, list 3 traits that are NOT on the cladogram that these 2 animals share.
   Closest relative to the bird: Crocodile.
   Traits they share (not on the cladogram):

   • Cold-bloodedness
   • Scaly skin
   • Egg-laying / Homeothermy (although birds are warm-blooded, they still lay eggs, which is a trait they share).

6-8. (For these, it appears you are looking to complete based on the principles of cladistics, either through identifying organisms or confirming characteristics. Please provide more specific questions or contexts for those numbers.)

9. _______ W Wings

10. _______ K 6 legs

11. ________ A Bent Antennae

12.________ D Double set of wings

13. _________ C Cerci (back appendages)

14. __________ M Mouth

15. __________ L Legs

16. __________ H Curly Antennae

Please confirm if you have specific animals or traits in mind for questions 6-8, and I’d be happy to help further!

Answer 2

Notes for questions 9-16:
~Use just one letter per characteristic.
~The ant is the only animal on the cladogram with a bent antennae.
~The cricket is the only animal on the cladogram with cerci.
~The butterfly does NOT have bent antennae.

9. _______ Wings

10. _______ 6 legs

11. ________ Bent Antennae

12.________ Double set of wings

13. _________ Cerci (back appendages)

14. __________ Mouth

15. __________ Legs

16. __________ Curly Antennae