In the context of ancient Greek art and sculpture, the Classical period (approximately 480-323 BCE) is noted for its advancements in the depiction of the human form, particularly in terms of realistic muscle structure and dynamic movement. This period followed the Archaic period, which was characterized by more rigid and stylized representations of the human body.
The medium that was extensively used during the Classical period for sculpture was marble. Marble allowed for intricate details and a polished finish, which helped achieve the lifelike representations of human figures. Additionally, bronze was another significant medium used in this period, especially for creating statues that emphasized realism, dynamic poses, and expressive details.
Artists such as Phidias and Polykleitos exemplified the Classical ideals, showcasing an understanding of human anatomy and proportion that contributed to the lifelikeness of their work. Polykleitos, in particular, is known for his development of the "Canon," a set of ideal mathematical proportions for the human body, demonstrating the blending of art and scientific principles in this period.