A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions and properties. These groups are important in organic chemistry as they determine how a compound will react chemically, its physical properties, and its behavior in various chemical reactions.
Functional groups often contain elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or halogens, and can significantly influence the overall structure and functionality of organic molecules. Common examples of functional groups include:
- Hydroxyl group (-OH): Found in alcohols, it makes compounds more polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.
- Carboxyl group (-COOH): Present in carboxylic acids, which are acidic and can donate protons in solution.
- Amino group (-NH2): Characteristic of amines and amino acids, it can act as a base and can participate in hydrogen bonding.
- Carbonyl group (C=O): Found in ketones and aldehydes, affecting the molecule's reactivity and polarity.
Functional groups are often used to classify and name organic compounds, and are key in understanding their reactivity and properties in biological systems and industrial applications.
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