Plant-insect symbiosis refers to a type of relationship in which plants and insects depend on each other for survival and reproduction. In this mutualistic relationship, both the plant and the insect receive benefits that contribute to their overall fitness and well-being. Two examples of obligatory mutualistic relationships in plant-insect symbiosis are as follows:
1. Pollination by bees:
Bees play a crucial role in the pollination of flowering plants, making this a classic example of obligatory mutualism. As bees collect nectar from flowers, they inadvertently transfer pollen from the male reproductive organs (stamens) to the female reproductive organs (pistils) of other flowers. This enables cross-pollination, leading to the production of seeds and fruits necessary for plant reproduction. In return, bees obtain nectar as a rich source of carbohydrates for energy. This mutualistic relationship ensures both the plants' reproductive success and the bees' sustenance.
2. Ant-plant mutualism:
Many plant species have evolved mutualistic associations with ants, wherein the ants receive shelter and sustenance while providing various benefits to the plant. One example is the mutualistic relationship between Acacia trees and certain species of ants. Acacia trees often possess swollen structures called "galls" at the base of their leaflets, which provide ants with shelter and food in the form of nectar glands. In return, the ants protect the trees from herbivores by aggressively defending them against browsing animals. The ants may also prune vegetation around the trees, minimizing competition for resources. This mutualistic relationship is obligatory, as the Acacia trees rely on ant defense to survive and effectively reproduce.
These examples illustrate the dependency and benefits derived by both plants and insects in obligatory mutualistic relationships within plant-insect symbiosis.
Explain plant-insect symbiosis (15 points) by giving two examples of obligatory mutualistic relationships (5+5 points).
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