Microorganisms, also known as pathogens, can cause disease in several ways.
Firstly, some microorganisms produce toxins, which are harmful substances that can cause damage to the body's tissues and organs. These toxins can be released by both bacteria and viruses. For example, the bacteria that cause tetanus produce a toxin that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms.
Secondly, microorganisms can invade and multiply within the cells or tissues of the host organism. This can disrupt the normal functioning of these cells and tissues, leading to disease. For instance, the virus that causes the common cold infects the respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as cough, sneezing, and congestion.
Thirdly, microorganisms can directly damage the body's tissues by breaking them down or destroying cells. For instance, parasites such as the Plasmodium species, which cause malaria, invade and destroy red blood cells, leading to anemia and other complications.
Lastly, some microorganisms can trigger an immune response in the body, leading to inflammation and damage to healthy tissues. This immune response is the body's defense mechanism against the invading pathogens, but in some cases, it can cause collateral damage to the host tissues. For example, in tuberculosis, the immune response forms granulomas in the lungs, which can lead to tissue damage and scarring.
In summary, microorganisms cause disease through the production of toxins, invading and multiplying within host cells, direct tissue damage, and triggering an immune response that can harm healthy tissues.
Explain how micro-organisms cause disease?
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