The excessive enlargement of cortical cells due to the attack of pathogens is typically referred to as "cellular hypertrophy" or "cell swelling." In the context of plant pathology, this phenomenon may also be associated with the formation of "galls," where plant cells undergo abnormal growth and enlargement in response to biotic stress from pathogens like bacteria, fungi, or nematodes.
In animals, such an enlargement can occur due to several factors, including inflammation or the response to infections. The specific term may vary depending on the context and the type of organism involved, but generally, it signifies an abnormal growth response to a pathogenic attack.