The most compelling reason among the provided options for why African independence movements failed to bring long-term success is:
Africans had difficulty with democracy after the legacy of colonialism.
This response addresses the challenges many newly independent African nations faced, including lack of experience with self-governance, tribal divisions, poor infrastructure, and ongoing economic dependency on former colonial powers. The legacy of colonial rule often left behind weak institutions, and many leaders turned to authoritarianism or faced civil conflict, hindering the establishment of stable democracies.