To find the missing number in the equation \( 40 - x = 30 \), we can solve for \( x \):
- Subtract 30 from both sides: \[ 40 - 30 = x \]
- Simplifying gives: \[ x = 10 \]
Thus, the missing number is 10. Therefore, the complete equation is \( 40 - 10 = 30 \).