English geneticist who discovered some very basic principles of genetics including predicting the probability of traits in offspring

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The English geneticist you are referring to is Gregor Mendel. He is often called the "father of modern genetics" for his pioneering work in the study of heredity. Through his experiments with pea plants in the mid-19th century, Mendel established several foundational principles of genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. These laws allow for the prediction of the probability of various traits being passed from parents to offspring. Mendel's work laid the groundwork for the field of genetics, although it was not widely recognized until many years after his death.