Atoms overcome the attractive forces between them during the processes of vaporization and sublimation.
- Vaporization refers to the transition from a liquid state to a gaseous state, where the energy absorbed allows atoms or molecules to overcome the attractive forces holding them in the liquid.
- Sublimation is the transition from a solid state directly to a gaseous state, where again, enough energy is added to allow atoms or molecules to overcome the forces keeping them in the solid form.
In contrast, freezing and condensation typically involve the release of energy, resulting in increased attractive forces between the atoms or molecules, which leads them to settle into a more ordered state.
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