The approaches of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass during the abolitionist movement in the 19th century differed significantly, particularly in their philosophies and strategies toward achieving the abolition of slavery. Here’s a breakdown of how their approaches contrasted based on the points you provided:
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Union and Abolition:
- Garrison strongly believed in the immediate and unconditional abolition of slavery and saw the Constitution as a pro-slavery document, arguing that it supported the institution of slavery. He did not prioritize maintaining the Union and even suggested that it might need to be dissolved if it continued to tolerate slavery.
- Douglass, on the other hand, held a more pragmatic view regarding the Union. He believed that the abolition of slavery could be achieved while still working through the structures of the Union. Douglass advocated for the preservation of the Union as a means to ultimately achieve emancipation.
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Emancipation Approach:
- Garrison was a strong proponent of immediate emancipation without compensation for slave owners. He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society and viewed slavery as morally repugnant, demanding its end without any concessions.
- Douglass initially entertained the idea of gradual emancipation and compensation for slaveholders as a transition strategy. However, as his activism progressed, he moved toward supporting immediate emancipation, but he did not initially see it as his primary stance.
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Methods of Activism:
- Garrison concentrated heavily on moral persuasion through the publication of anti-slavery literature, notably "The Liberator," his anti-slavery newspaper. He believed that changing public opinion was key to ending slavery and focused primarily on moral arguments against the institution.
- Douglass, while also emphasizing moral arguments, took a more multifaceted approach that included political activism. He participated in political campaigns, spoke before Congress, and worked on efforts to make political changes that would lead to emancipation, effectively using both moral and political strategies to push for abolition.
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Views on Violence and Protest:
- Garrison did not advocate for violent uprisings; rather, he promoted non-violent methods of protest. His philosophy was based on moral persuasion and nonviolent action as the best means to achieve social change.
- Douglass recognized the possibility of violent resistance as a legitimate response to the brutality of slavery, especially after events like the raid on Harpers Ferry by John Brown (whom Douglass supported). Douglass believed in the right to self-defense against oppression, whereas he also pushed for peaceful reforms and legal action as significant methods of protest.
In summary, while both Garrison and Douglass aimed to end slavery, Garrison's approach relied largely on moral persuasion without compromise, while Douglass's strategy included a combination of moral arguments, political engagement, and, at times, acceptance of more militant stances.