From 1200 to 1450 CE, the two common types of interactions between groups of Jews, Christians, and Muslims were primarily through conquest and trade.
During this period, conquest was a significant factor, especially with the Crusades, which involved military campaigns initiated by Christians to reclaim Jerusalem and other holy sites, often leading to direct conflict with Muslim populations. Additionally, trade was a crucial interaction as Jewish merchants, along with Christians and Muslims, facilitated commerce across Mediterranean routes, contributing to the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas among these groups.