The political philosophy of the Egyptian government throughout its three major dynastic periods can be primarily characterized as an absolute monarchy. In ancient Egypt, the pharaohs were considered divine rulers with god-like status, exercising total authority over the land, its people, and its resources. This system underscored the belief that the pharaoh was both a political and spiritual leader, embodying the state and its religious traditions.
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Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100–2686 BCE): This period saw the consolidation of power under the pharaohs who established the central authority of the monarchy and laid down the foundations for state control, religion, and administration.
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Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE): The concept of divine kingship was solidified during the Old Kingdom. The pharaoh was seen as a mediator between the gods and the people, with vast power to enforce laws, collect taxes, and direct monumental building projects, like the pyramids.
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Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BCE): Although the absolute power of the pharaoh continued, this period saw some shifts towards a more bureaucratic government with an emphasis on justice and welfare for the people, indicative of the pharaoh's role as a benevolent ruler.
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New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BCE): This era included expansionist policies and military campaigns, further enhancing the power of the monarchy, while maintaining its divine status. The pharaoh's role as a war leader solidified the concept of absolute monarchy in a time of prosperity and cultural achievement.
Overall, the enduring political philosophy during these periods revolved around the authority of the pharaoh as an absolute monarch embedded in the religious and cultural identity of ancient Egypt.
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