Menstrual disorders refer to a range of issues related to the menstrual cycle that can affect women in various ways. Here are five common menstrual disorders:
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Amenorrhea: This condition is characterized by the absence of menstruation. Amenorrhea can be primary (when a girl has not started her periods by age 15) or secondary (when a woman who has previously menstruated stops menstruating for three months or longer). Causes can include pregnancy, breastfeeding, excessive exercise, stress, significant weight loss, hormonal imbalances, and underlying health conditions.
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Dysmenorrhea: Dysmenorrhea refers to severe and painful menstrual cramps during menstruation. It is categorized into two types: primary (cramps without an underlying condition, often linked to hormonal changes) and secondary (cramps caused by an underlying reproductive health issue, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids). Symptoms can include throbbing or cramping pain in the lower abdomen and may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
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Menorrhagia: This disorder is characterized by abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. Women with menorrhagia may experience periods lasting longer than seven days or soaking through one or more sanitary pads/tampons every hour for several consecutive hours. Causes can include hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, or certain medical conditions like thyroid disorders or bleeding disorders.
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Oligomenorrhea: This condition refers to infrequent menstrual periods, typically defined as having cycles that occur more than 35 days apart. Oligomenorrhea can be caused by hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), significant weight changes, stress, or excessive exercise. Women with oligomenorrhea may have difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation.
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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): PMS encompasses a range of physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (the time between ovulation and the start of menstruation). Symptoms can include mood swings, irritability, bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, and changes in appetite. Severe cases of PMS may be diagnosed as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which can significantly impact a woman's daily life and may require medical intervention.
These disorders can be influenced by various factors, including hormonal levels, lifestyle choices, and underlying health conditions. It is essential for women experiencing menstrual irregularities to consult healthcare professionals for proper diagnosis and management.