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Define the types of mutations and give an example of each.
Substitution -
Insertion -
Deletion -
Silent -
Missense -
Translocation -
Substitution -
Insertion -
Deletion -
Silent -
Missense -
Translocation -
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GPT-4o mini
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can occur due to various factors. Here are definitions and examples for each type you've listed:
### 1. Substitution
**Definition:** A substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide in the DNA sequence is replaced with another nucleotide.
**Example:** In the sequence ATC-GTA, if the A is replaced by G, the new sequence becomes GTC-GTA. This might change the amino acid sequence during translation.
### 2. Insertion
**Definition:** An insertion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence.
**Example:** In the sequence ATG-CAT, if an extra G is inserted after the A, the new sequence becomes ATG-GCA-T. This can shift the reading frame.
### 3. Deletion
**Definition:** A deletion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence.
**Example:** In the sequence ATG-CAT, if the C is deleted, the new sequence becomes ATG-AT. This can also shift the reading frame.
### 4. Silent
**Definition:** A silent mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the resulting amino acid due to the redundancy of the genetic code.
**Example:** In the sequence GGC (which codes for glycine), if it is changed to GGU, it still codes for glycine, resulting in no change in the protein.
### 5. Missense
**Definition:** A missense mutation occurs when a substitution leads to the coding of a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's function.
**Example:** In the sequence AAT (which codes for asparagine), if it is changed to GAT, it now codes for aspartic acid instead, altering the protein's properties.
### 6. Translocation
**Definition:** Translocation mutations involve the rearrangement of parts of chromosomes where a segment of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.
**Example:** A common example is the Philadelphia chromosome, which results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to a fusion gene associated with certain leukemias.
Each type of mutation can have different effects on an organism, ranging from neutral to significant impacts on phenotype and health.
### 1. Substitution
**Definition:** A substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide in the DNA sequence is replaced with another nucleotide.
**Example:** In the sequence ATC-GTA, if the A is replaced by G, the new sequence becomes GTC-GTA. This might change the amino acid sequence during translation.
### 2. Insertion
**Definition:** An insertion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence.
**Example:** In the sequence ATG-CAT, if an extra G is inserted after the A, the new sequence becomes ATG-GCA-T. This can shift the reading frame.
### 3. Deletion
**Definition:** A deletion mutation occurs when one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence.
**Example:** In the sequence ATG-CAT, if the C is deleted, the new sequence becomes ATG-AT. This can also shift the reading frame.
### 4. Silent
**Definition:** A silent mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the resulting amino acid due to the redundancy of the genetic code.
**Example:** In the sequence GGC (which codes for glycine), if it is changed to GGU, it still codes for glycine, resulting in no change in the protein.
### 5. Missense
**Definition:** A missense mutation occurs when a substitution leads to the coding of a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's function.
**Example:** In the sequence AAT (which codes for asparagine), if it is changed to GAT, it now codes for aspartic acid instead, altering the protein's properties.
### 6. Translocation
**Definition:** Translocation mutations involve the rearrangement of parts of chromosomes where a segment of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.
**Example:** A common example is the Philadelphia chromosome, which results from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to a fusion gene associated with certain leukemias.
Each type of mutation can have different effects on an organism, ranging from neutral to significant impacts on phenotype and health.
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