Here are the simplified meanings for the words in your list:
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Nutrition: The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth.
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Macronutrients: Nutrients required in large amounts that provide energy; mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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Micronutrients: Nutrients needed in smaller amounts, such as vitamins and minerals, that are essential for good health.
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Deficiency disease: Health problems caused by a lack of essential nutrients in the diet.
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Essential nutrients: Nutrients that the body cannot make on its own and must be obtained from food.
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Nonessential nutrients: Nutrients that the body can produce itself and do not need to be obtained from food.
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Essential amino acids: Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be acquired through diet.
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Essential fatty acids: Fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained from food.