Reason refers to the justification or rationale that supports an idea, argument, or position. Specifically, it pertains to the logical basis that explains why a particular claim is being made or why a certain stance is taken. Here’s how it relates to the options you've given:
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The facts and information that support an idea or claim: This is closely aligned with the concept of reason, as it involves the evidence or data that backs up a particular viewpoint.
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A statement of a writer's position on a topic: This is more about the claim itself rather than the reasoning behind it.
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How a writer chooses to arrange their text: This relates to the organization of an argument or piece of writing, which is different from the reasoning itself.
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Why a reader believes the evidence proves their claim: This is about the reader's interpretation and acceptance of the reasoning presented.
Overall, reason is best embodied in the first option, as it emphasizes the supporting facts and information that justify an argument or idea.