Leukoplakia is a medical term used to describe white patches or plaques that develop on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, gums, and inner cheeks. These white lesions cannot be easily scraped off and are usually painless. Leukoplakia is often considered a potentially precancerous condition, as it can be associated with an increased risk of oral cancer, particularly in individuals who use tobacco products or consume alcohol excessively.
The exact cause of leukoplakia is not always clear, but it can be related to chronic irritation, such as from tobacco use, friction from rough teeth or dental appliances, or certain infections. Diagnosis typically involves a clinical examination, and in some cases, a biopsy may be performed to rule out malignancy or other conditions. Treatment usually focuses on addressing the underlying cause and may involve the cessation of irritants, surgical removal of the lesions, or regular monitoring.