Consider an off-grid PV system with storage that powers an incandescent bulb load using an inverter. The area of the PV array is 1.7[m2] and the conversion efficiency of the modules is 20% . The charge controller has no conversion losses, but the MPPT algorithm is 94.1% efficient. The system is equipped with a 12[V] battery with an internal resistance of 100[mΩ] .

Question

Consider an off-grid PV system with storage that powers an incandescent bulb load using an inverter. The area of the PV array is  1.7[m2]  and the conversion efficiency of the modules is  20% . The charge controller has no conversion losses, but the MPPT algorithm is  94.1%  efficient. The system is equipped with a  12[V]  battery with an internal resistance of  100[mΩ] .
At a certain moment, the irradiance on the modules is  500[W⋅m−2]  and the load consumes  100[W] . At that operating point the conversion efficiency of the inverter is  92.6% . What is the operating voltage of the battery?