Under Charlemagne, Europe underwent significant changes, particularly in the regions that he conquered and expanded under his rule. Here's an analysis of the changes based on the information from the maps:
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Expansion of the Frankish Kingdom: The Kingdom of the Franks, which was a significant power in medieval Europe before Charlemagne, expanded dramatically. Charlemagne's conquests included various territories such as Frisia, Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Carinthia, and the Lombard Kingdom, which greatly increased the size and influence of the Frankish state. The map showing Medieval Europe before Charlemagne indicates that the Frankish Kingdom was already established, but Charlemagne's campaigns allowed it to grow considerably.
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Integration of Regions: Various kingdoms that were independent or had their own rulers, such as the Lombard Kingdom, Saxony, and Thuringia, were integrated into the Frankish Kingdom. This integration helped shape what would later be known as the Holy Roman Empire, although the Byzantine Empire itself remained distinct during Charlemagne's reign and was not incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.
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The Holy Roman Empire: While Charlemagne’s actions contributed to the foundation of what would eventually become the Holy Roman Empire, it is important to note that the Byzantine Empire continued to exist independently. Charlemagne became the Emperor of the Romans in 800 CE, signaling a union of Germanic and Roman traditions, but he did not absorb the Byzantine Empire itself.
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Impact on the Moors and Picts: The map does not indicate that the Moors were integrated into the Frankish kingdom or the Holy Roman Empire during Charlemagne's reign. The Moors, who controlled parts of the Iberian Peninsula, remained largely independent of Charlemagne's influence. Similarly, Pictish territories in Britain were not part of Charlemagne's conquests and remained outside of the Frankish realm.
In conclusion, the major change under Charlemagne was the expansion of the Frankish Kingdom through the conquest of various territories in Central and Western Europe, laying the groundwork for the future Holy Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire remained separate, and the Moors and Picts were not integrated into the Frankish dominion during this period.