Clinicians with the following theoretical orientations would likely use observational methods:
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Social Cognitive: This orientation emphasizes the importance of observing behaviors in social contexts and how these behaviors are influenced by the environment and social interactions.
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Humanistic: While humanistic approaches often focus on subjective experience and personal meaning, some clinicians may use observational methods to gain insights into clients' behaviors and interactions as part of the therapeutic process.
Biological and psychodynamic orientations typically focus more on internal processes, neurobiological factors, or unconscious motivations rather than direct observation of behaviors in the same way that social cognitive and humanistic approaches might. However, psychodynamic clinicians may still observe behaviors in the context of therapy to infer underlying conflicts or issues.
Therefore, the best answers are social cognitive and humanistic.