Clinicians with the following theoretical orientation(s) would use observational methods:
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Social cognitive: This orientation often emphasizes the importance of observing behavior in social contexts and understanding the influence of the environment on behavior.
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Psychodynamic: While less common than in social cognitive approaches, psychodynamic clinicians may also use observational methods to understand unconscious processes and interact with clients in a way that highlights certain behaviors.
Humanistic and biological orientations are less likely to emphasize observational methods as a primary approach. Humanistic therapy tends to focus more on subjective experiences, and biological approaches focus more on physiological processes.