Here's how the factors can be classified into internal and external factors that contributed to the decline of the Han dynasty:
Internal Factors:
- Peasant revolts - These were reactions to the suffering of the common people due to heavy taxation and exploitation by the elite.
- Higher taxes on farmers - This created financial strain on the agrarian population and led to unrest.
- Lack of food - Poor harvests and mismanagement contributed to famine, causing social instability.
- Growing gap between rich and poor - Economic inequality created dissatisfaction and weakened loyalty to the state.
- Fighting between provinces and governors for power - Internal political struggles diminished centralized authority and governance.
- Land distribution issues - Concentration of land in the hands of a few resulted in exploitation and discontent among peasantry.
External Factors:
- Raids from Mongols - These invasions put additional pressure on the already weakened Han military and economy.
- Raids from Xiongnu - The nomadic raids from Xiongnu contributed to insecurity and resource depletion along the borders.
Explanation:
Internal factors mainly involved social, economic, and political issues within the Han dynasty that led to instability and discontent among the populace. These issues ultimately eroded the Han's ability to govern effectively and maintain control.
External factors, such as raids from the Mongols and Xiongnu, represented outside threats that exacerbated existing internal weaknesses. The combination of these internal and external pressures ultimately culminated in the fall of the Han dynasty.