Classical theory and behavioral theory are two distinct approaches in the fields of management and organizational behavior, each focusing on different aspects of how organizations function and how people behave within them. Here are the primary differences:
Classical Theory
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Foundation: Classical theory emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It includes various sub-theories like Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor), Administrative Management (Henri Fayol), and Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber).
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Focus: This theory emphasizes efficiency and productivity in organizational processes. It is primarily concerned with structure, rules, and procedures, aiming to improve organizational effectiveness through standardization and optimization of tasks.
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View of People: People are often viewed as resources or cogs in a machine, whose primary motivation is financial rewards. The theory tends to assume that human behavior is predictable and can be managed through systematic control and established principles.
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Decision Making: Decisions are generally top-down, with a strong emphasis on authority and hierarchical structures.
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Approach to Management: It advocates for rationality and a scientific approach to management practices, focusing on formal organizational structure and clear roles.
Behavioral Theory
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Foundation: Behavioral theory developed later (mid-20th century) as a reaction to classical theory. Influenced by fields such as psychology and sociology, it includes the Human Relations Movement and theories from figures like Elton Mayo and Abraham Maslow.
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Focus: This theory places emphasis on human relationships, motivation, and the dynamics of group behavior. It aims to understand how individual and group behavior affects organizational performance.
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View of People: People are seen as valuable assets, whose needs, feelings, and motivations must be understood and addressed. The focus is on intrinsic motivation, social relationships, and employee satisfaction.
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Decision Making: Decision-making is more participative, with an emphasis on collaboration and communication. Employees are encouraged to contribute to the decision-making process.
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Approach to Management: It recognizes the importance of informal relationships and social dynamics in the workplace. The theory promotes a more flexible and adaptive management style, focusing on employee well-being and job satisfaction.
Summary
In summary, classical theory focuses on structure, efficiency, and formal processes, while behavioral theory emphasizes human behavior, motivation, and relationships within organizations. Each approach has its strengths and can be applied in different contexts, often together, to optimize organizational effectiveness.
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