The historical relationship between China and Vietnam is complex and shaped by centuries of interaction, including periods of Chinese domination. From about 111 BCE until the 10th century CE, various Chinese dynasties exercised control over Vietnam, referred to as "Giao Chỉ" during this time. This period of domination saw the introduction of many aspects of Chinese culture into Vietnamese society.
As a result of Chinese rule, Vietnamese elites adopted Confucian ideals, which emphasized hierarchy, respect for authority, and the importance of education. Confucianism became a dominant ideology in Vietnamese society, influencing social structures, family values, and governance. Additionally, the Chinese civil service exam system was implemented, which aimed to select government officials based on merit rather than hereditary status. This examination system became a key feature of the Vietnamese bureaucratic structure, allowing for a class of educated scholars to rise in government positions.
Moreover, various elements of Chinese governance, such as centralized administration, legal codes, and agrarian policies, were integrated into Vietnamese statecraft. Chinese written characters were also adopted, shaping the Vietnamese writing system until the development of the Latin-based Quốc Ngữ in the 20th century.
While the Vietnamese adopted many Chinese cultural and governmental practices, they also maintained their unique identity and traditions. Over time, Vietnam cultivated its own interpretation and adaptation of Confucian thought, leading to a distinct Vietnamese culture that, while influenced by China, developed its own paths and traditions.
In the 10th century, Vietnam achieved independence following the successful revolt against Chinese rule led by figures like Ngo Quyen. Despite achieving independence, the influences of Confucianism and Chinese governmental practices continued to shape Vietnamese society in the subsequent centuries. The legacy of this interaction is still evident in modern Vietnam's cultural and educational systems.