1. Low birth rates: In stage four of the demographic transition, birth rates continue to decline as more women enter the workforce, education levels rise, and family planning services become more accessible. This results in smaller family sizes and a lower overall fertility rate.
2. Low death rates: Death rates also remain low in stage four as advancements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition lead to longer life expectancy. The population is generally healthier and living longer than in previous stages.
3. Stable population growth: With both birth and death rates at relatively low levels, population growth in stage four is slow, if not stagnant. The population tends to reach a stable equilibrium, with little to no significant growth or decline.
4. Aging population: One of the key characteristics of stage four is an increasingly aged population. With low birth rates and longer life expectancy, the proportion of elderly people in the population grows, leading to potential challenges related to healthcare, social services, and labor force participation.
5. Urbanization: As countries progress through stage four, urbanization tends to increase as people migrate to cities in search of better opportunities, education, and healthcare. This can lead to issues related to infrastructure, employment, and social cohesion in urban areas.
6. Economic development: Stage four is often associated with higher levels of economic development, as countries transition from agrarian to industrial and service-based economies. This can bring improved living standards, education levels, and healthcare access for the population.
7. Increasing education levels: Education levels tend to rise in stage four as more children have access to schooling and parents prioritize their education. This leads to a more educated and skilled workforce, which can contribute to economic growth and development.
Characteristics of stage four of demographic transition
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