The detail from the passage that best supports Carlos's claim that "Shere Khan and his followers have lost all respect for the Jungle Law" is:
"A bull paid ten years ago!" the Pack snarled. "What do we care for bones ten years old?"
This statement indicates that the Pack, influenced by Shere Khan, is dismissing long-standing customs and agreements that are part of the Jungle Law, demonstrating a lack of respect for the principles that govern their society.