The first blank should be filled with "astronomy," as it deals with space and structures such as stars and meteoroids. The second blank should be filled with "meteorology," as it focuses on weather elements like wind currents and cold fronts.
So, the complete sentence would be:
"Both of these studies have to do with the sky. However, astronomy focuses on space and structures within it, like stars and meteoroids, and meteorology focuses on weather elements, like wind currents and cold fronts."