The attractions between the negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen atom of another water molecule are known as hydrogen bonds.
To briefly define the terms you mentioned:
- Polar bonds are covalent bonds between atoms with different electronegativities, leading to a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other.
- Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions that occur between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) and another electronegative atom.
- Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
In the case of water (H₂O), hydrogen bonding is a crucial property that contributes to its unique characteristics, such as high boiling and melting points.
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