Astronomers studying the planet of Acer have detected igneous rock under its surface. One astronomer makes a claim that some of the material that this igneous rock formed from used to be in sedimentary rock on the surface of Acer. If the scientist is correct, how could the sedimentary rock have become igneous rock?

Answer 1

The transformation of sedimentary rock into igneous rock is possible through a process called the rock cycle, which involves various geological processes. Here's how this transformation could occur:

1. Weathering and Erosion: Initially, sedimentary rock on the surface of Acer would be subjected to weathering and erosion, which breaks it down into smaller particles and sediments over time.

2. Compaction and Cementation: If these sediments are deposited in bodies of water or in other sedimentary environments, they can be compacted and cemented to form new sedimentary rock.

3. Subduction and Metamorphism: Over geological time, tectonic processes could cause this sedimentary rock to be subducted into the Earth's mantle. As the sediments descend, they experience increased pressure and temperature, which can lead to metamorphism, altering their mineral structure.

4. Melting: If the temperature continues to rise, the metamorphosed rock may eventually reach the melting point and turn into magma.

5. Solidification: If this magma rises back to the surface due to volcanic activity, it can cool and solidify, forming igneous rock.

In summary, if the igneous rock found beneath the surface of Acer indeed originated from sedimentary rock, the process likely involved subduction, metamorphism, melting, and then solidification associated with volcanic activity.