Assessment of learning explanation as argued by different scholars. And provide relevant examples in terms of teacher and learner activities to promote this kind of assessment.

Answer 1

There are various perspectives on assessment of learning, with different scholars emphasizing different aspects of the process. Some key scholars and their explanations include:

1. Formative assessment: According to Dylan Wiliam, a proponent of formative assessment, the purpose of assessment should be to provide feedback to teachers and students to improve learning. Formative assessment involves ongoing monitoring of student understanding and providing timely feedback to guide instruction. For example, teachers can use techniques such as exit tickets, think-pair-share, and concept mapping to gauge student understanding and adjust their teaching accordingly.

2. Summative assessment: On the other hand, Black and Wiliam argue that summative assessment serves the purpose of measuring overall achievement and providing evidence of learning outcomes. Summative assessment typically takes the form of tests, exams, or projects at the end of a unit or course. Teachers can use rubrics, scoring guides, and clear learning objectives to communicate expectations and assess student performance.

3. Balanced assessment: Some scholars, such as Popham, advocate for a balanced approach to assessment that combines both formative and summative strategies. This approach recognizes the importance of both supporting student learning and measuring achievement. Teachers can use a variety of assessment techniques, such as self-assessment, peer assessment, and project-based assessments, to provide students with a well-rounded view of their progress.

In terms of teacher and learner activities to promote these types of assessment, some examples include:

- Teachers can incorporate formative assessment techniques such as questioning, peer feedback, and self-assessment into their daily lessons to monitor student understanding and provide immediate feedback.
- Learners can engage in self-assessment activities, such as setting goals, tracking their progress, and reflecting on their learning, to take ownership of their learning process.
- Teachers can design summative assessments, such as tests and projects, that align with learning objectives and provide students with clear criteria for evaluation.
- Learners can engage in peer assessment, such as providing feedback on classmates' work, to develop their critical thinking and communication skills.

Overall, a combination of formative, summative, and balanced assessment approaches can provide a comprehensive view of student learning and promote ongoing improvement. Teachers and learners can work together to create a supportive and effective assessment environment that enhances learning outcomes.