When thermal energy is added to a substance, the following changes can be predicted:
B. Vibration of the individual particles will increase.
As thermal energy increases, the kinetic energy of the particles also increases, leading to more vigorous vibrations and movements among the particles.
For the other options:
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A. Spacing between particles will decrease: This is not typically accurate. Adding thermal energy generally causes particles to move apart (in gases and liquids), leading to an increase in spacing. In solids, the spacing might not change significantly, but they still vibrate more.
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C. Temperature of the substance will decrease: This is incorrect. Adding thermal energy increases the temperature of the substance.
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D. The pressure of the substance will increase: This can depend on the context (like in a closed container). In a gas, increasing the temperature (and thus thermal energy) while keeping the volume constant can lead to an increase in pressure. However, if the substance can expand (like in an open container), the pressure might not necessarily increase.
So, the most straightforward and universally correct prediction is B.