The psychology major provides its students with both a liberal arts education and the opportunity to explore specific areas of psychology in which they have special interests. Graduate education is a process of further refinement during which students become increasingly proficient and knowledgeable in an area of psychological specialization.
Described below are some specialty areas in psychology that require graduate education. The list on this page is not exhaustive, and there are many subspecialities too rare or specialized to list here (cognitive psychoneuroimmunology, anyone?). If you wish to see a descriptoin of a particular area, please feel free to write and ask about it.
Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychologists assess and treat people with psychological problems. They may act as therapists for people experiencing normal psychological crises (e.g., grief) or for individuals suffering from chronic psychiatric disorders.
Some clinical psychologists are generalists who work with a wide variety of populations, while others work with specific groups like children, the elderly, or those with specific disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). They are trained in universities or professional schools of psychology. They may be found working in academic settings, hospitals, community health centers, or private practice. (See also Counseling Psychology.)
Cognitive Psychology
This area includes a diverse group of psychologists who study human mental processes from a scientific perspective. Topics include learning, memory, perception, motor coordination and robotics, language, problem solving, and artificial intelligence. Neuroscientific techniques such as brain scanning may be used. Research may be conducted with animals or humans, usually humans. Cognitive psychologists work for business and industry, especially information technology companies, and also in academic settings.
Counseling Psychology
Counseling psychologists do many of the same things that clinical psychologists do. However, counseling psychologists tend to focus more on persons with adjustment problems rather than on persons suffering from severe psychological disorders. They may be trained in Psychology Departments or in Schools of Education. Counseling psychologists are employed in academic settings, community mental health centers, and private practice. (See also Clinical Psychology.)
Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychologists study how we develop intellectually, socially, and emotionally over the lifespan. Some focus on just one period of life (e.g., childhood or adolescence). Developmental psychologists usually do research and teach in academic settings, but many act as consultants to day care centers, schools, or social service agencies.
Educational Psychology
Educational psychologists are concerned with the study of human learning, especially the context of educational institutions such as schools. They attempt to develop techniques to enhance the learning process. For example, an educational psychologist might study reading and develop a new technique for improving reading comprehension. Educational psychologists are typically trained in Schools of Education and employed in academic settings. (See also School Psychology.)
Forensic Psychology
Forensic psychologists are involved in analyzing crime evidence and aiding law enforcement agencies in criminal investigations. They may also participate in prison counseling or rehabilitation programs, and they may help legal teams involved with criminal prosecutions.
Health Psychology
Health psychologists are concerned with psychology's contributions to the promotion and maintenance of good health and the prevention and treatment of illness. They may design and conduct programs to help individuals stop smoking, lose weight, manage stress, and stay physically fit. They are employed in hospitals, medical schools, rehabilitation centers, public health agencies, academic settings, and private practice.
Human Factors Psychology
Human Factors researchers study the human/machine interface. They may help make appliances such as cameras user-friendly, or they may do studies of safety-related issues in the design of machinary, airplane controls and instrument layouts, or they may do basic research on human perceptual and motor abilities as they relate to the operation of machines, computers, and other mechanical devices.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Industrial/organizational psychologists are primarily concerned with the relationships between people and their work environments. They may develop new ways to increase productivity or be involved in personnel selection. They are employed in business, government agencies, and academic settings.
Physiological Psychology
Physiological psychologists study the physiological correlates of behavior. They study both very basic processes (e.g., how brain cells function) and more readily observable phenomena (e.g., behavioral changes as a function of drug use or the biological/genetic roots of psychiatric disorders). Most are employed in academic settings.
School Psychology
School psychologists are involved in enhancing the development of children in educational settings. They assess children's psychoeducational abilities and recommend actions to facilitate student learning. They are typically trained in Schools of Education and work in public school systems. They often act as consultants to parents, teachers, and administrators to optimize the learning environments of specific students. (See also Educational Psychology.)
Social Psychology
Social psychologists study how our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other persons. Some topics of interest to social psychologists are attitude formation and change, aggression, prejudice, and interpersonal attraction. Most social psychologists work in academic settings, but some work in federal agencies and businesses doing applied research. Using this passage answer the following : 1.Which of the areas of specialization listed are examples of basic science?
2. Which of the areas of specialization listed are examples of applied science?
3. What type of traits and talents do you think a person would need to be successful in the basic science fields?
4. What type of traits and talents do you think a person would need to be successful in the applied science fields?
1 answer
Based on the passage provided, here are the answers to your questions:
Areas of Specialization That Are Examples of Basic Science:
Cognitive Psychology: Studies human mental processes scientifically.
Physiological Psychology: Studies the physiological correlates of behavior, including basic processes.
Developmental Psychology: Focuses on intellectual, social, and emotional development studies across the lifespan.
Social Psychology: Investigates how beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.
Areas of Specialization That Are Examples of Applied Science:
Clinical Psychology: Involves assessing and treating psychological problems.
Counseling Psychology: Focuses on adjustment problems rather than severe psychological disorders.
Educational Psychology: Concerned with enhancing learning processes in educational institutions.
Forensic Psychology: Involves analyzing crime evidence and aiding law enforcement.
Health Psychology: Promotes good health and treats illness.
Human Factors Psychology: Studies human/machine interactions to improve usability.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Concerned with improving work environments and productivity.
School Psychology: Enhances children's development in educational settings.
Traits and Talents Needed for Success in Basic Science Fields:
Analytical Thinking: Ability to analyze complex data and theories.
Attention to Detail: Precision in conducting experiments and observing outcomes.
Curiosity: A strong desire to learn and discover new information about fundamental psychological processes.
Research Skills: Proficiency in designing studies, collecting data, and interpreting results.
Critical Thinking: Ability to evaluate research findings and construct logical arguments based on evidence.
Traits and Talents Needed for Success in Applied Science Fields:
Interpersonal Skills: Ability to communicate effectively with clients or stakeholders.
Empathy: Understanding and relating to the experiences of individuals in a therapeutic or educational context.
Problem-Solving Skills: Creativity and resourcefulness in addressing real-world issues.
Practical Application Skills: Ability to apply psychological principles in tangible settings (e.g., workplaces, schools, clinics).
Team Collaboration: Working well with multidisciplinary teams to implement solutions.
These traits and talents highlight the different focuses of basic versus applied science in psychology. Basic science emphasizes understanding and knowledge creation, while applied science emphasizes solving real-world problems through practical applications of psychological principles.
1 answer